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TheWeekInCongress.com (TM) Week Ending August 3, 2007
H.R.3221 Moving the United States toward greater energy independence and security, developing innovative new technologies, reducing carbon emissions, creating green jobs, protecting consumers, increasing clean renewable energy production, and modernizing our energy infrastructure.
A combination of bills already passed by the 110th Congress House of Representatives and some from the 109th Congress make up this bill that looks towards renewable energy sources, easing climate change and pollution, and improving the energy infrastructure.
Carbon-based renewable energy production is inspired by a government intention to purchase biobased energy products, more funds to develop and build bio-refineries and a Agricultural Energy Council that will oversee and coordinate those efforts at the Department of Agriculture and beyond. Forest and marine biomass are among subjects open to research and evaluation. Other sources of cleaner energy, geothermal, wind and solar are to be explored and expanded. Geothermal projects are funded, including capturing the energy from existing oil and gas fields, and requiring an evaluation of potential environmental impacts from extracting that energy. Thermal energy is approached with grants to research efficient ways of storing that energy so to switch to and from standard electric to solar generated electric relating to peak usage needs.
Energy use and production still produces carbon dioxide, the discharge considered to increase global climate change. Recent insights that the CO2 could be captured and stored, primarily underground, are to be further explored along with research into reducing those emissions or reusing the compound after it is captured. The Secretary of energy will implement no less than 7 projects to explore carbon capture preferring “test projects from industrial and coal-fired electric generation facilities that would facilitate the creation of an integrated system of capture, transportation and storage of carbon dioxide.” Language in the bill indicates that future carbon capture may involve the government purchasing CO2 from companies that create and discharge it in the process of creating energy or other industrial of manufacturing efforts.
Energy created from renewable or other sources must be delivered to the consumer. The bill includes previously passed language that moves to explore use of bio-based fuels for trains and marine vessels as well as automobiles. Problems with delivering bio-based fuels such as Ethanol are explored and a plan for a national infrastructure to deliver to the pump, and so the consumer, is required. In the case of transportation or domestic fuels, the infrastructure to be developed would begin with delivering the raw products to the refineries, pipeline, surface or marine transportation of the product to central distribution, delivery to the retail outlet and the technology necessary to discharge the energy to the consumers.
Electric energy delivery is to be made more reliable and more secure by further development of the concept of the Smart Grid, a combination of technological improvements over the existing patchwork electric grid that would better manage energy distribution and flow and delivery and remove or eliminate unfair product pricing based on demand.
Energy efficiency is promoted in the bill at a residential, commercial, industrial and government building level. The bill goes into great detail on requirements to increase energy use efficiency for numerous products ranging from toasters to hot water heaters, air conditioners, washing machines and other commonly used consumer products. The government is required to purchase energy efficient products.
International cooperation on energy use and pollution begins with the establishment of US policy, “To promote United States and global security through leadership in cooperation with other nations of the global effort to reduce and stabilize global greenhouse gas emissions and stabilize atmospheric concentration of such gases” and the creation of the Office on Global Climate Change at the department of State. The Office would be headed by an Energy Ambassador-at-large who would represent the US internationally on energy matters.
Much attention is given to grants and loans to foreign countries to help them develop less polluting energy and uses as well as private sector stimulation to invest in foreign country infrastructure and resources.
A somewhat circuitous arrangement with Israel is included in the bill at $20 million. The provision seems to fund an existing energy-research relationship based on a need due to US reliance on foreign oil, the relationship of US petro-dollars and terrorist funding and common goals of democracy and human rights. A four person commission would be created including two Israelis and two Americans.
Other provisions in the bill include previously passed legislation that would prohibit the government from entering into any leases with companies for exploration of oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico until those companies agree to revise earlier contracts that inadvertently limited the amount of revenues they owed on extracting the commodities.
Sponsor: Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA-8th) Vote: Passed the House Aug. 4, 2007 241 to 172 RC 832. The motion to recommit the bill failed 169 to 244 RC 831. The Senate agreed 94 to 1 RV 86 to cloture on the bill April 1, 2008, moving towards further consideration. The bill passed the Senate 84 to 12 April 10, 2008. RV 96. The House agreed to the Senate amendments with its own amendments below. The Senate is expected to replace the bill text with text from a substitute amendment. Those amendments can be read below. The Senate agreed to insert the Dodd/Shelby language in the bill June 25, 2008 79 to 16 RC 157. The Senate agreed to proceed against the House amendments 84 to 12 June 10, 2008 RV 170. The House concurred with the Senate amendments July 24, 2008 272 to 152 RC 519. The Senate voted to invoke cloture on the motion to concur with the House amendments 80 to 13 RV 185. The Senate then voted to concur with the House amendments 72 to 13 RV 186 sending the bill to the President. The motion to recommit the bill The motion to recommit the bill required that the bill be reported back the the House forthwith after striking all contents of the bill and replacing them with a 340 page replacement bill. The Substitute bill's sponsor explained that the new bill opened up ANWAR for oil exploration, allows for oil and gas exploration on the US outer Continental Shelf beyond 100 miles, provides for coal to liquid energy production and alternative fuels, resites liquid natural gas facilities on the US coasts and provides for hydrogen research. Opposition to the bill held that HR 3221 is a forward looking bill due to the anticipated decline in available petroleum worldwide and allows for increased environmental protection and rejects ANWAR. The motion to recommit the bill failed 169 to 244 RC 831. Cost to the taxpayers: ## All Rights Reserved. © 2007 TheWeekInCongress.com(TM) No reproduction, language translation or distribution without written permission from TheWeekInCongress.com.(TM)
MORE INFORMATION AMENDMENTS - House AMENDMENTS - Senate AMENDMENTS - House amendments to Senate amendments and Senate amendments to House amendments. AMENDMENTS - Senate amendments to House amendments and amendments to the Dodd-Shelby substitute amendment. TITLE II – INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE COOPERATION TITLE III – SMALL ENERGY EFFICIENT BUSINESSES TITLE IV – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TITLE VI – CARBON NEUTRAL GOVERNMENT TITLE VII – NATURAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE PROVISIONS TITLE VIII – TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE TITLE IX – ENERGY AND COMMERCE
TITLE I –GREEN JOBS-Energy efficiency and renewable energy worker training program GRANT PROGRAM Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall establish an energy efficiency and renewable energy worker training program. ELIGIBILITY workers affected by national energy and environmental policy individuals in need of updated training related to the energy efficiency and renewable energy industries; and veterans, or past and present members of reserve components of the Armed Forces unemployed workers individuals, including at-risk youth, seeking employment pathways out of poverty and into economic self-sufficiency; and formerly incarcerated, adjudicated, non-violent offenders. NATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM Secretary, acting through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, where appropriate, shall collect and analyze labor market data to track workforce trends resulting from energy-related initiatives carried out under this subsection. academic and occupational competencies as well as future skill needs with respect to renewable energy and energy efficiency technology; occupational information and workforce training data collaborating with State agencies, workforce investments boards, industry, organized labor, and community and nonprofit organizations to disseminate information on successful innovations for labor market services and worker training.
Secretary shall award National Energy Training Partnerships Grants on a competitive basis to eligible entities to enable such entities to carry out training that leads to economic self-sufficiency and to develop an energy efficiency and renewable energy industries workforce.
Secretary shall award competitive grants to States to enable such States to administer labor market and labor exchange information programs. The identification of job openings in the renewable energy and energy efficiency sector The administration of skill and aptitude testing and assessment for workers The counseling, case management, and referral of qualified job seekers to openings and training programs, including energy efficiency and renewable energy training programs
Secretary shall award competitive grants to States to enable such States to administer renewable energy and energy efficiency workforce development programs non-profit organizations that include equal participation from industry, including public or private nonprofit employers, and labor organizations, including joint labor-management training programs, and may include representatives from local governments, the workforce investment system, including worker investment agency one-stop career centers, community based organizations, community colleges, and other post-secondary institutions, small businesses, cooperatives, State and local veterans agencies, and veterans service organizations; Secretary shall award at least 10 competitive grants to eligible entities to enable such entities to carry out training that leads to economic self-sufficiency. priority to entities that serve individuals in families with income of less than 200 percent of the poverty threshold includes community-based non-profit organizations, educational institutions with expertise in serving low-income adults or youth, public or private employers from the industry sectors demonstrates experience in implementing and operating worker skills training and education programs priority to programs to benefit low-income workers, unemployed youth and adults, high school dropouts, or other underserved sectors of the workforce within areas of high poverty ensure that supportive services are integrated with education and training, and delivered by organizations with direct access to and experience with targeted populations; leverage additional public and private resources to fund training programs, including cash or in-kind matches from participating employers
$125,000,000 for each fiscal years,
TITLE II – INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE COOPERATION-Definitions—Congressional Findings—US policy established—Assistance to promote clean and efficient energy technologies in foreign countries--- International Green Energy Foundation---
Definitions CLEAN AND EFFICIENT ENERGY TECHNOLOGY- The term `clean and efficient energy technology' means an energy supply or end-use technology-- (A) such as-- (i) solar technology; (ii) wind technology; (iii) geothermal technology; (iv) hydroelectric technology; and (v) carbon capture technology; and (B) that, over its life cycle and compared to a similar technology already in commercial use-- (i) is reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable, and compatible with the needs and norms of the country involved; (ii) results in-- (I) reduced emissions of greenhouse gases; or (II) increased geological sequestration; and (iii) may-- (I) substantially lower emissions of air pollutants; or (II) generate substantially smaller or less hazardous quantities of solid or liquid waste.
Congressional Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) There is a global scientific consensus, as established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and confirmed by the National Academy of Sciences, that the continued build-up of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has been, and is now warming the earth and threatens the stability of the global climate. By the estimate of the IPCC, unmitigated global greenhouse gas emissions could drive up global temperatures by as much as 7 to 11 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100. (2) Climate change is already having significant impacts in certain regions of the world and on many ecosystems, with poor populations being most vulnerable. (3) Climate change is a global problem that can only be managed by a coordinated global response that reduces global emissions of greenhouse gases to a level that stabilizes their concentration in the Earth's atmosphere. (4) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter in this section referred to as the `Convention') establishes a viable foundation to construct a global regime to combat global warming and manage its impacts. (5) The United States, along with 189 other countries, is a party to the Convention, agreed to in New York on May 9, 1992, and entered into force in 1994. The Convention's stated objective is `to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system'. (6) The Kyoto Protocol to the Convention was adopted by the third Convention Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, and stipulated legally binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions at an average of 5.2 percent below 1990 levels for industrialized countries, but it did not specify policies for its implementation. The Kyoto Protocol also did not stipulate binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for rapidly industrializing countries such as China, India, and Brazil. (7) Before negotiations were completed on the mechanisms for implementing Kyoto Protocol commitments on greenhouse gas emissions, George W. Bush took office as President of the United States, and in March 2001, announced opposition to continued negotiations over implementation of the Protocol, stating that the Protocol was `fatally flawed' from the Administration's point of view. (8) President Bush unveiled an `alternative' strategy to the Kyoto Protocol for halting global warming on February 14, 2002. The President's plan did not contain any international component to amend or supplant the Kyoto Protocol or any kind of blueprint for committing major developing economies such as China, India, and Brazil to reduce future greenhouse gas emissions. The President's plan set a voluntary `greenhouse gas intensity' target for the United States that specified an 18 percent reduction in `emissions intensity' by 2012. This reduction would allow actual emissions to increase by at least 12 percent over the same period. (9) On February 16, 2005, after Russia's ratification, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force. With entry into force, the emissions targets of the Protocol became legally binding commitments for those industrialized countries that ratified the Protocol. Because the United States and Australia did not ratify the Protocol, and because developing countries are not subject to its limits, the Protocol currently restricts the emissions of countries accounting for only 32 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. (10) The Kyoto Protocol required that parties to the Protocol begin negotiating in 2005 toward a second round of commitments to begin after the expiration of the first emissions budget period in 2012. The eleventh Convention Conference of the Parties (COP-11) in November and December 2005 in Montreal, Canada launched the negotiations on the second round of commitments by parties to the Protocol and initiated a dialogue (a `parallel process') under the Convention that engaged both the United States and developing countries in discussions on future efforts. (11) At the twelfth Convention Conference of the Parties (COP-12) in November 2006 in Nairobi, Kenya, parties continued discussions on a second round of commitments under the Kyoto Protocol as a successor to the first commitment period (2008 through 2012) and, in the parallel process, discussed enhanced cooperation under the Convention that would engage countries that did not have commitments under the Protocol. (12) At a summit in Brussels, Belgium in March 2007, the head of governments of the European Union committed its Member States to cut greenhouse gas emissions 20 percent below 1990 levels by 2020 and committed to move this target up to 30 percent if the United States and other major emitters joined the commitment. (13) On April 17, 2007, the United Nations Security Council held its first ever `open meeting' on the impact of climate change on international security. British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett, in her capacity as President of the Security Council, declared in her opening statement that the Council has a `security imperative' to tackle climate change because it can exacerbate problems that cause conflicts and because it threatens the entire planet. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told the Council that `issues of energy and climate change have implications for peace and security'. (14) Working Group III of the IPCC met from April 30 through May 4, 2007, in Bangkok, Thailand to assess technologies and policies needed to avert dangerous climate change and to provide background for negotiations on a post-2012 climate change regime. The draft report by the IPCC Working Group III concludes that by quickly adopting technological options that are available or are being developed, the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can be stabilized at 450-550 parts per million (ppm). The IPCC scientists believe that a 450 to 550 ppm ceiling might limit the global rise in temperatures to no more than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit and avert impacts of escalating scale, scope, and costs, potentially including the destabilization of large polar ice sheets that could contribute to long-term, catastrophic sea level rise at higher temperatures. (15) The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has indicated that one of his top goals is to forge a more comprehensive agreement under the Convention to ensure there is no gap when the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol ends in 2012. In order to reach this goal, critical negotiations involving all of the major greenhouse gas emitters, along with the vulnerable countries, must be initiated immediately and be completed by 2009. On May 1, 2007, the Secretary-General named three Special Envoys on Climate Change to assist in `consultations with Governments'. The Secretary-General will host a `high-level meeting' on climate change at the United Nations General Assembly in September 2007 to give `political direction' to the thirteenth Convention Conference of the Parties (COP-13) to take place in December 2007 in Bali, Indonesia.
Congress declares the following to be the policy of the United States: (1) To promote United States and global security through leadership in cooperation with other nations of the global effort to reduce and stabilize global greenhouse gas emissions and stabilize atmospheric concentration of such gases. As such, the United States will seek to obtain mitigation commitments from all major greenhouse gas emitting countries under the institutional framework provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter in this section referred to as the `Convention'). (2) To facilitate progress in global negotiations toward a comprehensive agreement under the Convention, and in service of this goal, the United States will, during the course of 2007, engage in high level dialogue on climate change within the Group of Eight (G-8), with the European Union, with Japan and other industrialized countries, and with China, India, Brazil, and other major developing countries. The United States will also participate in the initiative of the United Nations Secretary-General to build consensus among governments on enhanced international cooperation on these matters. (3) To participate more actively and constructively in the intergovernmental climate change process, including at the thirteenth Convention Conference of the Parties (COP-13) to take place in December 2007 in Bali, Indonesia. As such, at the COP-13 meeting, the United States will be represented by a high-level delegation composed of climate experts and career foreign service officers with extensive diplomatic experience, including experience in multi-lateral negotiations, headed by the Secretary of State, the Secretary's Deputy, or the Undersecretary for Global Affairs of the Department of State. (4) To engage in serious discussion of possible future commitments under the Convention. These discussions will seek to develop a plan of action and time-table with the goal of adopting a new international agreement under the Convention that stipulates commitments from all major greenhouse gas emitters, including the United States and other countries listed in Annex 1 to the Convention, China, India, and Brazil, at the fifteenth Convention Conference of the Parties (COP-15) to take place in 2009. This process will seek as its objective that a new instrument will come into force by the time the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol ends in 2012. (5) To protect United States national and economic interests and United States competitiveness in all sectors by negotiating a new agreement under the Convention that is cost effective, comprehensive, flexible, and equitable. Such an agreement shall, at a minimum-- (A) require binding mitigation commitments from all major emitting countries based on their level of development; (B) provide for different forms of commitments, including economy-wide emissions targets, policy-based commitments, sectoral agreements, and no-regrets targets; (C) increase cooperation on clean and efficient energy technologies and practices; (D) target all greenhouse gases, including sources, sinks, and reservoirs of greenhouse gases, and should expand the current scope of the Kyoto Protocol and Convention to sectors not covered, such as the international aviation and maritime sectors; (E) include mechanisms to harness market-based solutions, building upon the joint implementation, clean development mechanism, and international emissions trading developed under the Protocol; (F) include incentives for sustainable forestry management that reflect the value of avoided deforestation; (G) address the need for adaptation, especially for the most vulnerable and poorest countries on the planet; (H) consider the impact on United States industry and contain effective mechanisms to protect United States competitiveness; and (I) include the perspectives and address the concerns of impacted indigenous and tribal populations. (6) To seek international consensus on long-term objectives including a target range for stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations. The target range should reflect the consensus recommendations of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scientists, who believe that concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere must be stabilized at a level that would provide a reasonable chance of limiting the rise in global temperatures to a level that might avert the most dangerous impacts of climate change.
There is established within the Department of State an Office on Global Climate Change The head of the Office shall be the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Climate Change (hereinafter in this section referred to as the `Ambassador-at-Large'). (2) APPOINTMENT- The Ambassador-at-Large shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The primary responsibility of the Ambassador-at-Large shall be to advance the goals of the United States with respect to reducing the emissions of global greenhouse gases and addressing the challenges posed by global climate change. shall be a principal adviser to the President and the Secretary of State on matters relating to global climate change; and (B) shall make recommendations to the President and the Secretary of State on policies of the United States Government with respect to international cooperation on reducing the emission of global greenhouse gases and addressing the challenges posed by global climate change.
Ambassador-at-Large is authorized to represent the United States in matters relating to global climate change in contacts with foreign governments, intergovernmental organizations, and specialized agencies of the United Nations, the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and other international organizations of which the United States is a member; and multilateral conferences and meetings relating to global climate change The Secretary of State shall provide the Ambassador-at-Large with such funds as may be necessary for the hiring of staff for the Office, the conduct of investigations by the Office, and for necessary travel
Assistance to promote clean and efficient energy technologies in foreign countries Findings—assistance for developing countries---India, China---Private sector trade and investment---OPIC---Trade Development—Global Climate exchange program---Working Group.
Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) Several provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 were designed to expand Federal programs that support renewable energy and energy efficient equipment exports and to broaden the portfolio of programs to include training and technology transfer activities that help promote development in less industrialized nations, expand global markets, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, few of the export-related provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 were implemented due to a lack of Federal funding. (2) In 2000, Congress called for several United States Governmentagencies to create an Interagency Working Group to support a Clean Energy Technology Exports Initiative to use the combined resources of various agencies to promote the export of clean energy technologies abroad. The Initiative also suffered from low levels of Federal funding and has not produced significant results. (3) Large and emerging economies, such as India and China, play significant roles in the global energy security system as large consumers of energy and should be included as member countries in the International Energy Agency to strengthen the common interest of importers in encouraging transparent energy markets and in planning for supply disruptions. (4) The challenge of energy security severely affects developing countries where over 1.6 billion people lack access to affordable energy services. In these nations, a lack of transparency and accountability creates a climate of mistrust for investors; bilateral and multilateral lending institutions do not provide sufficient incentives to companies investing in clean and efficient energy technologies; women and children suffer disproportionately due to the lack of energy services; inaccessibility of energy services impedes other development programs in education, health, agriculture, and the environment; and dependence on imported fuels leaves countries vulnerable to supply disruptions and economic shocks. (5) In addition to promoting the export of clean energy technologies, large energy-consuming economies must also have appropriate incentive systems, policy and regulatory frameworks, and investment climates in place to accept and promote the adoption of such technologies. (6) More than $16 trillion needs to be invested in energy-supply infrastructure worldwide by 2030 to meet energy demand, and almost half of total energy investment will take place in developing countries, where production and demand are expected to increase the most. (7) Public and private sector capital will be needed to fulfill future demand. The opportunity exists for public and private actors to coordinate efforts and leverage resources to direct this investment into technologies, practices, and services that promote energy efficiency, clean-energy production, and a reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions. (8) In attempting to address the global climate change challenge, the United States Government recently launched the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, which is meant to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies. However, this Partnership operates in a non-binding framework that does not require any emissions reductions from the partner countries. Assistance for developing countries The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall support policies and programs in developing countries that promote clean and efficient energy technologies to produce the necessary market conditions for the private sector delivery of energy and environmental management services; to create an environment that is conducive to accepting clean and efficient energy technologies that support the overall purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including; (A) improving policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks; (B) increasing institutional abilities to provide energy and environmental management services; and (C) increasing public awareness and participation in the decision-making of delivering energy and environmental management services; and (3) to promote the use of American-made clean and efficient energy technologies, products, and energy and environmental management services.
$200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012.
India, China The Secretary of Commerce shall direct the United States and Foreign Commercial Service to expand or create a corps of the Foreign Commercial Service officers to promote United States exports in clean and efficient energy technologies and build the capacity of government officials in India, China, and any other country the Secretary of Commerce determines appropriate, to become more familiar with the available technologies-- Private sector trade and investment The Secretary of Commerce shall direct the International Trade Administration to expand or create trade missions to and from the United States to encourage private sector trade and investment in clean and efficient energy technologies OPIC Findings- Congress finds the following: (1) Many of the emerging markets within which the Overseas Private Investment Corporation supports projects have immense energy needs and will require significant investment in the energy sector in the coming decades. (2) The use, or lack of use, of clean and efficient energy technologies can have a dramatic effect on the rate of global greenhouse gas emissions from emerging markets in the coming decades. (b) Sense of Congress- It is the sense of Congress that the Overseas Private Investment Corporation should promote greater investment in clean and efficient energy technologies by-- (1) proactively reaching out to United States companies that are interested in investing in clean and efficient energy technologies in countries that are significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions; (2) giving preferential treatment to the evaluation and awarding of projects that involve the investment or utilization of clean and efficient energy technologies; and (3) providing greater flexibility in supporting projects that involve the investment or utilization of clean and efficient energy technologies, including financing, insurance, and other assistance.
Trade Development The Director of the Trade and Development Agency shall establish or support policies that proactively seek opportunities to fund projects that involve the utilization of clean and efficient energy technologies, including in trade capacity building and capital investment projects give preferential treatment to the evaluation and awarding of projects that involve the utilization of clean and efficient energy technologies, particularly to countries that have the potential for significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; and recruit and retain individuals with appropriate expertise in clean, renewable, and efficient energy technologies to identify and evaluate opportunities for projects that involve clean and efficient energy technologies and services Global Climate exchange program The Secretary of State is authorized to establish a program to strengthen research, educational exchange, and international cooperation with the aim of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the challenges posed by global climate change The financing of studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities dedicated to reducing carbon emissions and addressing the challenge of global climate change by or to United States citizens and nationals in foreign universities, governments, organizations, companies, or other institutions; and by or to citizens and nationals of foreign countries in United States universities, governments, organizations, companies, or other institutions. The financing of visits and exchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, professors, researchers, and other persons who study, teach, and conduct research in subjects such as the physical sciences, environmental science, public policy, economics, urban planning, and other subjects and focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the challenges posed by global climate change.
Working Group. The President shall provide assistance to the Interagency Working Group to support a Clean Energy Technology Exports Initiative-- to improve the ability of the United States to respond to international competition by leveraging the resources of Federal departments and agencies effectively and efficiently and by raising policy issues that may hamper the export of United States clean energy technologies abroad to fulfill, as appropriate, the mission and objectives as noted in the report entitled, Five-Year Strategic Plan of the Clean Energy Technology Exports Initiative, submitted to Congress in October 2002; and to raise the importance and level of oversight of the Interagency Working Group to the heads of the Federal departments and agencies that are participating in the Interagency Working Group
International Green Energy Foundation— Definitions.--Establishment and management of Foundation.---Duties of Foundation.--- Annual report.---Powers of the Foundation; related provisions---General personnel authorities.---Authorization of appropriations.
Definitions FOUNDATION- The term `Foundation' means the International Clean Energy Foundation Establishment and management of Foundation The Foundation shall be governed by a Board of Directors chaired by the Secretary of State It is the intent of Congress, in establishing the structure of the Foundation to create an entity that serves the long-term foreign policy and energy security goals of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.
The Board shall consist of-- (A) the Secretary of State (or the Secretary's designee), the Secretary of Energy (or the Secretary's designee), and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (or the Administrator's designee); and four other individuals with relevant experience in matters relating to energy security (such as individuals who represent institutions of energy policy, business organizations, foreign policy organizations, or other relevant organizations) who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
Duties of Foundation The Foundation shall-- (1) use the funds authorized by this subtitle to make grants to promote projects outside of the United States that serve as models of how to significantly reduce the emissions of global greenhouse gases through clean and efficient energy technologies, processes, and services; (2) seek contributions from foreign governments, especially those rich in energy resources such as member countries of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, and private organizations to supplement funds made available under this subtitle; (3) harness global expertise through collaborative partnerships with foreign governments and domestic and foreign private actors, including nongovernmental organizations and private sector companies, by leveraging public and private capital, technology, expertise, and services towards innovative models that can be instituted to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions; (4) create a repository of information on best practices and lessons learned on the utilization and implementation of clean and efficient energy technologies and processes to be used for future initiatives to tackle the climate change crisis; (5) be committed to minimizing administrative costs and to maximizing the availability of funds for grants under this subtitle; and (6) promote the use of American-made clean and efficient energy technologies, processes, and services.
Annual report Not later than March 31, 2008, and each March 31 thereafter, the Foundation shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation Powers of the Foundation; related provisions The Foundation shall have perpetual succession unless dissolved by a law enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act. may make and perform such contracts, grants, and other agreements with any person or government however designated and wherever situated, as may be necessary for carrying out the functions of the Foundation may lease, purchase, or otherwise acquire, improve, and use such real property wherever situated, as may be necessary for carrying out the functions of the Foundation
General personnel authorities Detail of Personnel- Upon request of the Chief Executive Officer, the head of an agency may detail any employee of such agency to the Foundation on a reimbursable basis. Any employee so detailed remains, for the purpose of preserving such employee's allowances, privileges, rights, seniority, and other benefits, an employee of the agency from which detailed Authorization of appropriations To carry out this subtitle, there are authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012.
TITLE III – SMALL ENERGY EFFICIENT BUSINESSES—Findings—Loan limits---Fees---Small Business Sustainability----SBA Education----Energy Savings---Investments in Small Businesses---Renewable Fuel Capital Investment---
Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Energy efficiency is in our national interest for our long term economic well being, for the health and safety of our citizens and the world, and for our independence and security. (2) Small businesses are more efficient, nimble, and innovative than large businesses and therefore more likely to integrate and benefit from energy efficient technology advances and upgrades, but they are less likely to have the capital to institute these advances quickly. (3) The majority of businesses (two-thirds) say they have been unable to invest in comprehensive energy efficiency programs for their businesses thus far, though they know of them and believe they are effective. (4) A pilot program has demonstrated that individualized counseling and training combined with loan and grant availability and other incentives are very popular and effective in helping small businesses learn about and adopt energy conservation methods. (5) The energy saving benefit of such programs, if they can be implemented on a national basis, would contribute significantly to our energy independence and security. (6) New and emerging technologies are on the rise, and small businesses are leading the way, for example the vast majority of renewable fuels producers, such as biodiesel and ethanol, are small businesses. (7) Small businesses currently use almost half of the Nation's business related energy consumption and employ half of the Nation's workforce, yet the Energy Star program, the lead Federal energy efficiency program allocates less than 2 percent of its resources to its small business program and should allocate more to educate small businesses. (8) Therefore, it is in the national interest for the Federal Government to invest in incentives in the form of improved loan terms, additional investment inducements, and expert counseling and information to assist small businesses to develop, invest in, and purchase energy efficient buildings, equipment, fixtures, and other technology.
Eligibility for Energy Efficiency Projects must reduction of energy consumption by at least 10 percent increased use of sustainable design or low-impact design to produce buildings that reduce the use of non-renewable resources, minimize environmental impact, and relate people with the natural environment, or plant, equipment and process upgrades of renewable energy sources such as micropower or renewable fuels producers including biodiesel and ethanol producers Loans for Plant Projects Used for Energy-Efficient Purposes $4,000,000 for each project that reduces the borrower's energy consumption by at least 10 percent; $4,000,000 for each project that generates renewable energy or renewable fuels, such as biodiesel or ethanol production.
Fees The fees on the loan under paragraphs (18) and (23) shall be reduced by half Small Business Sustainability A Small Business Development Center may apply for an additional grant to carry out a small business sustainability initiative program. provide necessary support to smaller and medium-sized businesses to evaluate energy efficiency and green building opportunities, evaluate renewable energy sources such as the use of solar and small wind to supplement power consumption, secure financing to achieve energy efficiency or to construct green buildings; and empower management to implement energy efficiency projects. assist entrepreneurs with clean technology development and technology commercialization help small business improve environmental performance by shifting to less hazardous materials and reducing waste and emissions at the source, including by providing assistance for businesses to adapt the materials they use, the processes they operate, and the products and services they produce
Energy Savings
Investments in Small Businesses INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY SAVING SMALL BUSINESSES- In calculating the outstanding leverage of a company made after September 30, 2007, by a company licensed after September 30, 2007, in a smaller enterprise, to the extent that the total of such amounts does not exceed 50 percent of the company's private capital, subject to such terms as the Administrator may impose to assure no cost with respect to purchasing or guaranteeing any debenture involved.
Renewable Fuel Capital Investment The Administrator shall establish a Renewable Fuel Capital Investment Program, The purposes of the Renewable Fuel Capital Investment Program established under this part are to promote the research, development, manufacture and bringing to market of renewable energy sources by encouraging venture capital investments in smaller enterprises primarily engaged such activities; and to establish a venture capital program, with the mission of addressing the unmet equity investment needs of small enterprises engaged in researching, developing, manufacturing, and bringing to market renewable energy sources.
$15,000,000 per fiscal year
TITLE IV – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY---Advanced Research Projects Agency---Marine Renewable energy Technologies---Geothermal Energy---Solar Energy---Biofuels—Carbon Capture and Storage----Global Change Research---Global Change Data Management
Advanced Research Projects Agency There is established the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy within the Department of Energy to overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies. Goals- The goals of ARPA-E are to enhance the Nation's economic and energy security through the development of energy technologies that result in reductions of imports of energy from foreign sources, reductions of energy-related emissions including greenhouse gases, improvements in the energy efficiency of all economic sectors, and to ensure that the United States maintains a technological lead in developing and deploying energy technologies targeted acceleration of novel early-stage energy research with possible technology applications development of techniques, processes, and technologies, and related testing and evaluation research and development of manufacturing processes for novel energy technologies; and demonstration and coordination with nongovernmental entities for commercial applications of energy technologies and research applications. Authorization of Appropriations- There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of ARPA-E for deposit in the Fund $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2008, $1,000,000,000 for fiscal year 2009, $1,100,000,000 for fiscal year 2010, $1,200,000,000 for fiscal year 2011, and $1,300,000,000 for fiscal year 2012, to remain available until expended.
Marine Renewable energy Technologies The Congress finds the following: (1) The United States has a critical national interest in developing clean, domestic, renewable sources of energy in order to reduce environmental impacts of energy production, increase national security, improve public health, and bolster economic stability. (2) Marine renewable energy technologies are a nonemitting source of power production. (3) Marine renewable energy may serve as an alternative to fossil fuels and create thousands of new jobs within the United States. (4) Europe has already successfully delivered electricity to the grid through the deployment of wave and tidal energy devices off the coast of Scotland. (5) Recent studies from the Electric Power Research Institute, in conjunction with the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, have identified an abundance of viable sites within the United States with ample wave and tidal resources to be harnessed by marine power technologies. (6) Sustained and expanded research, development, demonstration, and commercial application programs are needed to locate and characterize marine renewable energy resources, and to develop the technologies that will enable their widespread commercial development. (7) Federal support is critical to reduce the financial risk associated with developing new marine renewable energy technologies, thereby encouraging the private sector investment necessary to make marine renewable energy resources commercially viable as a source of electric power and for other applications. The Secretary, in conjunction with other appropriate agencies, shall support programs of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application to expand marine renewable energy production study and compare existing marine renewable energy extraction technologies research, develop, and demonstrate advanced marine renewable energy systems and technologies reduce the manufacturing and operation costs of marine renewable energy technologies investigate efficient and reliable integration with the utility grid and intermittency issues conduct experimental and numerical modeling for optimization of marine energy conversion devices and arrays The Secretary, acting through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, shall award grants to institutions of higher education (or consortia thereof) for the establishment of 1 or more National Marine Renewable Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Centers. Purposes- The Centers shall advance research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of marine renewable energy through a number of initiatives including for the purposes described in section 4104(1) through (13), and shall serve as an information clearinghouse for the marine renewable energy industry, collecting and disseminating information on best practices in all areas related to developing and managing enhanced marine renewable energy systems resources. $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012
Geothermal Energy The Congress finds the following: (1) The United States has a critical national interest in developing clean, domestic, renewable sources of energy in order to mitigate the causes of climate change, reduce other environmental impacts of energy production, increase national security, improve public health, and bolster economic stability. (2) Geothermal energy is a renewable energy resource. (3) Geothermal energy is unusual among renewable energy sources because of its ability to provide an uninterrupted supply of baseload electricity. (4) Recently published assessments by reputable experts, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Western Governors Association, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, indicate that the Nation's geothermal resources are widely distributed, vast in size, and barely tapped. (5) Sustained and expanded research, development, demonstration, and commercial application programs are needed to locate and characterize geothermal resources, and to develop the technologies that will enable their widespread commercial development. (6) Federal support is critical to reduce the financial risk associated with developing new geothermal technologies, thereby encouraging the private sector investment necessary to make geothermal resources commercially viable as a source of electric power and for other applications. In General- The Secretary shall support programs of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application to expand the use of geothermal energy production from hydrothermal systems The Secretary shall support a program of cost-shared field demonstration programs, to be pursued, simultaneously and independently, in collaboration with industry partners, for the demonstration of technologies and techniques of siting and exploratory drilling for undiscovered resources in a variety of geologic settings. The program shall include incentives to encourage the use of advanced technologies and techniques The Secretary shall support a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of components and systems capable of withstanding extreme geothermal environments and necessary to cost-effectively develop, produce, and monitor geothermal reservoirs and produce geothermal energy. The Secretary shall support a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of models of geothermal reservoir performance, with an emphasis on accurately modeling performance over time. Models shall be developed to assist both in the development of geothermal reservoirs and to more accurately account for stress-related effects in stimulated hydrothermal and enhanced geothermal systems production environments.
support a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of technologies and practices designed to mitigate or preclude potential adverse environmental impacts of geothermal energy development, production or use, and seek to ensure that geothermal energy development is consistent with the highest practicable standards of environmental stewardship. The Secretary shall support a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application for enhanced geothermal systems. CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING SITES- The following 2 sites, where Department of Energy and industry cooperative enhanced geothermal systems projects are already underway, may be considered for inclusion among the sites selected under subparagraph (A): (i) Desert Peak, Nevada. (ii) Coso, California. In General- The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application to support development of geothermal energy production from oil and gas fields and production and recovery of energy from geopressured resources. In addition, the Secretary shall conduct such supporting activities including research, resource characterization, and technology development as necessary. The Secretary shall implement a grant program in support of geothermal energy production from oil and gas fields. The program shall include grants for a total of not less than three demonstration projects of the use of geothermal techniques such as organic rankine cycle systems at marginal, unproductive, and productive oil and gas wells The Secretary shall award grants to institutions of higher education (or consortia thereof) to establish 2 Centers for Geothermal Technology Transfer. The Secretary shall seek to award grant funding, on a competitive basis, to an institution of higher education for a geothermal-powered energy generation facility on the institution's campus. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this subtitle $90,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012
Establishment- The Secretary shall establish a program of research and development to provide lower cost and more viable thermal energy storage technologies to enable the shifting of electric power loads on demand and extend the operating time of concentrating solar power electric generating plants. The Secretary shall conduct a study on methods to integrate concentrating solar power into regional electricity transmission systems, and to identify new transmission or transmission upgrades needed to bring electricity from high concentrating solar power resource areas to growing electric power load centers throughout the United States. The Secretary shall establish in the Office of Solar Energy Technologies a competitive grant program to create and strengthen solar industry workforce training and internship programs in installation, operation, and maintenance of solar energy products. The goal of this program is to ensure a supply of well-trained individuals to support the expansion of the solar energy industry. The Secretary shall establish a program of research and development to provide assistance in the demonstration and commercial application of direct solar renewable energy sources to provide alternatives to traditional power generation for lighting and illumination, including light pipe technology, and to promote greater energy conservation and improved efficiency. All direct solar renewable energy devices supported under this program shall have the capability to provide measurable data on the amount of kilowatt-hours saved over the traditionally powered light sources they have replaced. The Secretary shall establish a research, development, and demonstration program to promote less costly and more reliable decentralized distributed solar-powered air conditioning for individuals and businesses. The Secretary shall establish a program of grants to States to demonstrate advanced photovoltaic technology
Biofuels The Secretary of Energy (in this subtitle referred to as the `Secretary'), in cooperation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a technology transfer center to make available information on research, development, and commercial application of technologies related to biofuels and biorefineries. The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation and the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall carry out a program of research, development, and demonstration as it relates to existing transportation fuel distribution infrastructure and new alternative distribution infrastructure. The program shall focus on the physical and chemical properties of biofuels and efforts to prevent or mitigate against adverse impacts of those properties Corrosion of metal, plastic, rubber, cork, fiberglass, glues, or any other material used in pipes and storage tanks. `(2) Dissolving of storage tank sediments. `(3) Clogging of filters. `(4) Contamination from water or other adulterants or pollutants. (5) Poor flow properties related to low temperatures. `(6) Oxidative and thermal instability in long-term storage and use. `(7) Microbial contamination. `(8) Problems associated with electrical conductivity. `(9) Such other areas as the Secretary considers appropriate.'. The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall make publicly available the physical property data and characterization of Biodiesel. Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on any research and development challenges inherent in increasing to 5 percent of the transportation fuels sold in the United States fuel with biogas or a blend of biogas and natural gas. The Secretary shall provide grants to eligible entities for research, development, demonstration, and commercial application of biofuel production technologies in States with low rates of ethanol production, including low rates of production of cellulosic biomass ethanol. Biorefinery Energy Efficiency- The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application for increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption in the operation of biorefinery facilities. The Secretary shall establish a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application on technologies and processes to enable biorefineries that exclusively use corn grain or corn starch as a feedstock to produce ethanol to be retrofitted to accept a range of biomass, including lignocellulosic feedstocks.'. In General- The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall conduct a study of whether optimizing flexible fueled vehicles to operate using E-85 fuel would increase the fuel efficiency of flexible fueled vehicles. )In General- Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall initiate a study on the effects of the use of biodiesel on the performance and durability of engines and engine systems. In General- The Secretary of Energy shall conduct a study of methods of increasing the fuel efficiency of vehicles using biogas by optimizing natural gas vehicle systems that can operate on biogas, including the advancement of vehicle fuel systems and the combination of hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid electric drive platforms with natural gas vehicle systems using biogas. the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall develop standards for biofuel dispenser systems in order to promote broader biofuels adoption and utilization. the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report on the progress of the research and development that is being conducted on the use of algae as a feedstock for the production of biofuels.
Carbon Capture and Storage The Secretary shall carry out fundamental science and engineering research (including laboratory-scale experiments, numeric modeling, and simulations) to develop and document the performance of new approaches to capture and store carbon dioxide, or to learn how to use carbon dioxide in products to lead to an overall reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The Secretary shall promote, to the maximum extent practicable, regional carbon sequestration partnerships to conduct geologic sequestration tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and verification operations in a variety of candidate geological settings. The Secretary shall conduct not less than 7 initial large-volume sequestration tests, not including the FutureGen project, for geological containment of carbon dioxide (at least 1 of which shall be international in scope) to validate information on the cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of technologies for geological containment of carbon dioxide. In the process of any acquisition of carbon dioxide for sequestration demonstrations under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall give preference to purchases of carbon dioxide from industrial and coal-fired electric generation facilities. To the extent feasible, the Secretary shall prefer test projects from industrial and coal-fired electric generation facilities that would facilitate the creation of an integrated system of capture, transportation and storage of carbon dioxide. Until coal-fired electric generation facilities, either new or existing, are operating with carbon dioxide capture technologies, other industrial sources of carbon dioxide should be pursued. `(A) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; `(B) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; `(C) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and `(D) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2011 `(3) CARBON CAPTURE- There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for carrying out subsection (c)(4)-- `(A) $180,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; `(B) $180,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; `(C) $180,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and `(D) $180,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.'.
Global Change Research (a) Findings- The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Industrial, agricultural, and other human activities, coupled with an expanding world population, are contributing to processes of global change that are significantly altering the Earth habitat. (2) Such human-induced changes, in conjunction with natural fluctuations, may lead to significant alterations of world climate patterns. Over the next century, these changes could adversely affect world agricultural and marine production, coastal habitability, biological diversity, human health, global social and political stability, and global economic activity. (3) Developments in interdisciplinary Earth sciences, global observing systems, and satellite and computing technologies make possible significant scientific understanding of global changes and their effects, and have resulted in the significant expansion of environmental data and information. (4) Development of effective policies to prevent, mitigate, and adapt to global change will rely on improvement in scientific understanding of global environmental processes and on development of information that is of use to decisionmakers at the local, regional, and national levels. (5) Although the United States Global Change Research Program has made significant contributions to understanding Earth's climate and the anthropogenic influences on Earth's climate and its ecosystems, the Program now needs to produce more information to meet the expressed needs of decisionmakers. (6) Predictions of future climate conditions for specific regions have considerable uncertainty and are unlikely to be confirmed in a time period necessary to inform decisions on land, water, and resource management. However, improved understanding of global change should be used to assist decisionmakers in the development of policies to ensure that ecological, social, and economic systems are resilient under a variety of plausible climate futures. (7) In order to most effectively meet the needs of decisionmakers, both the research agenda of the United States Global Change Research Program and its implementation must be informed by continuous feedback from documented users of information generated by the Program. (b) Purpose- The purpose of this part is to provide for the continuation and coordination of a comprehensive and integrated United States observation, research, and outreach program which will assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to the effects of human-induced and natural processes of global change. The President shall establish or designate an interagency committee to ensure cooperation and coordination of all Federal research activities pertaining to processes of global change for the purpose of increasing the overall effectiveness and productivity of Federal global change research efforts. The interagency committee shall include representatives of both agencies conducting global change research and agencies with authority over resources likely to be affected by global change. The President shall establish an interagency United States Global Change Research Program to improve understanding of global change, to respond to the information needs of communities and decisionmakers, and to provide periodic assessments of the vulnerability of the United States and other regions to global and regional climate change. The Program shall be implemented in accordance with the Plan. Lead Agency- The lead agency for the United States Global Change Research Program shall be the Office of Science and Technology Policy The President shall develop a National Global Change Research and Assessment Plan for implementation of the Program. The Plan shall contain recommendations for global change research and assessment.
Global Change Data Management (a) Findings- The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Federal agencies have a primary mission to manage and archive climate and other global change data obtained through their research, development, or operational activities. (2) Maintenance of climate and global change data records is essential to present and future studies of the Earth's atmosphere, biogeochemical cycles, and climate. (3) Federal capabilities for the management and archiving of these data have not kept pace with advances in satellite and other observational technologies that have vastly expanded the type and amount of information that can be collected. (4) Proposals and plans for expansion of global observing networks should include plans for the management of data to be collected and budgets reflecting the cost of support for management and archiving of data. (b) Purposes- The purposes of this part are to establish climate and other global change data management and archiving as Federal agency missions, and to establish Federal policies for managing and archiving climate and other global change data. The President shall establish or designate an interagency climate and other global change data management working group to make recommendations for coordinating Federal climate and other global change data management and archiving activities
TITLE V – AGRICULTURE ENERGY---Federal purchase of biobased products---loan guarantees for refineries---Biodiesel fuel education—energy audit---biomass research—Program adjustments---Research----Energy Council----Forest Bioenergy
Federal purchase of biobased products IN GENERAL- Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of the New Direction for Energy Independence, National Security, and Consumer Protection Act, the Secretary, in consultation with other Federal departments and agencies and with non-governmental groups with an interest in biobased products, including small and large producers of biobased materials and products, industry, trade organizations, academia, consumer organizations, and environmental organizations, shall issue criteria for determining which products may qualify to receive the label under paragraph (1). The criteria shall encourage the purchase of products with the maximum biobased content, and should, to the maximum extent possible, be consistent with the | |||||||||||||||
